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Leibniz
理性論的傳統都可追述到他們對於行上學的觀點,而這些形上學觀點不同也造成他們其他理論上的差異。Descartes 透過「我思,故我在」認為世界有神、物質和心靈三種實體;Spinoza認為世界只有神的存在,其他事物都只是神的屬性,因此發展出他大愛的倫理學;相對地,Leibniz認為占有空間就可以切割,所以這世界最小單位是無法被切割的,他稱為單子。每個monad 都有靈魂,且都相互沒有interaction,當我們誤以為有因果關係,都次上帝預設好的。以時鐘為例,所有時鐘都會同時響起來,讓你誤這些時鐘有因果關係,但是是上帝先調好這些時鐘,而時鐘本身是獨立的運動,相互不干涉。
Leibniz對於神的存在提出四個論證,以下簡介兩個:
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本體論論證
1) God is the most perfect Being.
2) Perfect Being must have all perfections, and a perfection is defined
as a "simple quality which is positive and absolute, and expresses without
any limits whatever it does express."
3) No two perfections, as above defined, can be incompatible.
4) There is or there can be conceived, a subject of all perfections, or
most perfect Being.
5) Existence is among the number of the perfections.
6) God exists.
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宇宙論論證
1) Every particular thing in the world is "contingent“, it would
be logically possible for it not to exist;
2) Even if we suppose the universe to have always existed, there is
nothing within the universe to show why it exists.
3) Everything has to have a sufficient reason.
4) Therefore the universe as a whole must have a sufficient reason,
which must be outside the universe.
5) This sufficient reason is God.
Locke’s
theory of knowledge
有別於Descartes、Spinoza和Leibniz,他認為我們基礎的知識都是來自於經驗,套句Locke的經典名句,我們生下來就好比是一張白紙,再經由經驗在白紙上描繪。然而經驗主義和唯心論者都會面臨同樣的問題,就是我們該如何去認識我們以外的心靈和外在世界,因為我們只困在我們的心靈和經驗世界裡,然而這無法推到外在世界的存在。
閱讀範圍及報告者: Leibniz 家揚 & Locke's Theory of Knowledge 龎皓
時間: 07/30 (三) p.m. 7:30-9:30
地點: 陽明大學 人社院一樓會議教室202